{"id":4914,"date":"2024-09-13T10:59:56","date_gmt":"2024-09-13T10:59:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/?page_id=4914"},"modified":"2024-10-07T11:49:59","modified_gmt":"2024-10-07T11:49:59","slug":"historia-del-espiritismo-en-francia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/historia-del-espiritismo-en-francia\/","title":{"rendered":"Fransa'da maneviyat tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Fransa'da Ruh\u00e7ulu\u011fun Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail
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Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Maneviyat, fenomeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bilim alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemleri benimseyen ve uyarlayan ilk ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lardan biri olan bir Frans\u0131z Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail'in (1804-1869) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.orta etkinlikve teorik bir felsefi-bilimsel yap\u0131 olu\u015fturmak. \u0130svi\u00e7re'deki Pestalozzi \u00f6\u011fretmen E\u011fitimi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc'nde kurulan geleneksel bir akademik e\u011fitim ile Rivail, bilim kitaplar\u0131, dilbilgisi, pedagoji, matematik vb. Yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra y\u0131llarca Lisenin profes\u00f6r\u00fc ve direkt\u00f6r\u00fcyd\u00fc Dini veya bilimsel olsun, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ifade dogmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde yatan neden olan e\u011fitim ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla ilgili olarak, herhangi bir konuda, inan\u00e7 veya ba\u015fka herhangi bir bilgi bi\u00e7iminde, ba\u011fnazl\u0131k ve dini dogmatizmle m\u00fccadele ederek \u00f6zg\u00fcr inceleme hakk\u0131n\u0131 savundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oturumlarda yap\u0131lan bir dizi g\u00f6zlem ve deneyden sonra 1855'ten itibaren en az 13 bilimsel toplulu\u011fun \u00fcyesi medyumlar o zamanlar moda olan, fenomenlerin manevi do\u011fas\u0131 ve zekas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bunun, \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra ruhun durumu, ruhlar\u0131n durumu ve ruhun \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn nihai kan\u0131t\u0131 hakk\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti ve konuyla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sistematik olarak d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Sonunda Allan Kardec'in takma ad\u0131n\u0131 benimseyen Rivail, Spirit\u00fcalizmin teorik in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131, farkl\u0131 \u015fehir ve \u00fclkelerdeki \u00e7e\u015fitli ortamlar taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan ileti\u015fim ortamlar\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak geli\u015ftirdi. Toplant\u0131lara medyumlara \u00e7e\u015fitli felsefi sorunlar hakk\u0131nda sorular getirmeye ve ruhlar\u0131n verdi\u011fi yan\u0131tlar\u0131 analiz etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dini veya metafizik \u00fczerine bir spek\u00fclasyon olan g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ampirik bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n nesnesi haline gelecekti. Kardec'in geli\u015ftirmekte oldu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n temel \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de manevi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011fa al\u0131nmas\u0131yd\u0131. Ampirik ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n nesnesi olacak ruhsal tezah\u00fcrler: g\u00f6zlemlenir ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131rlar; nedenlerini tarad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplanan materyalin kalitesini ve oranlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlamaya karar verdi. 18 Nisan 1857'de, iki y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Rivail, ruhlar kitab\u0131 olan medi\u00famnicos fenomeni \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara dayanan ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Organize edilen anlat\u0131 bi\u00e7imleri ve raporlar k\u00fcmesine bir isim vermek i\u00e7in, Spirit\u00fcalizm veya Doktrin terimini, onu \u201cruhlar\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131, k\u00f6kenini ve kaderini ve ili\u015fkilerini ele alan bir bilim " olarak tan\u0131mlayan di\u011fer inan\u00e7lar\u0131n, spirit\u00fcalistlerin yeni doktrinini tam olarak ay\u0131rt etmek i\u00e7in Ruhsalla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 d\u00fcnya bedeni ile\u201d. Ruhlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131 do\u011fal olacakt\u0131r ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ve mikroorganizmalar kadar do\u011fal yasalarla y\u00f6netilir. Kardec, ortamlar\u0131n mikroskoplarla veya teleskoplarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fini, yani \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen bir d\u00fcnyay\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemenize izin verdi\u011fini iddia etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onun i\u00e7in (KARDEC, 1868) Maneviyat, esasen bilime ve ahlaki \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlara dayanan bir felsefe olacakt\u0131r ve kelimenin ola\u011fan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re bir din olu\u015fturmaz. Spirit\u00fcalistler, Spirit\u00fcalizmin \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fcne at\u0131fta bulunma e\u011filimindedir: bilim, felsefe ve din. Aras\u0131nda erken maneviyat\u00e7\u0131lar temel, \u015funlardan bahsedebiliriz: Tanr\u0131'n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ruhun \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (dualist bir insan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 benimsemek, reenkarnasyon, evrim, arac\u0131l\u0131k ve h\u0131ristiyan eti\u011finin kabul\u00fc, sadaka uygulamas\u0131na vurgu yaparak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ruhlar Kitab\u0131'n\u0131n (1857) yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131ndan sonra, art arda Ortamlar Kitab\u0131 (1861) geldi; Ruh\u00e7ulu\u011fa G\u00f6re M\u00fcjde (1864); Cennet ve Cehennem veya Ruh\u00e7ulu\u011fa G\u00f6re Tanr\u0131'n\u0131n Adaleti (1865); Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f, Mucizeler ve Tahminler (1868). Bu kitaplara ek olarak Kardec, yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f be\u015f bro\u015f\u00fcr daha yay\u0131nlad\u0131 Maneviyat\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131, Rev\u00fc Ruhundan al\u0131nan al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki bro\u015f\u00fcr daha ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra bir eser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Le Livre des Esprits, 1857<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Le Livre des Mediums, 1861<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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L'\u00e9vangile selon le Spiritisme, 1864<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Le Ciel et L'enfer, 1865<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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La Gen\u00e8se, 1868<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Ocak 1858'de Rev\u00fc Spirite'i kurdu: Journal d'\u00e9tudes psychologiques<\/strong>spirit\u00fcalist dergisi o zamanlar Fransa'daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck tirajd\u0131. Yenilenmi\u015f, kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan birka\u00e7 e\u015fya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda, \u201cdi\u011ferleri frenolojiyi, tarihi veya di\u011fer bilimleri incelemek i\u00e7in toplan\u0131rken\u201dSpirit\u00fcalizm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla ilgilenenleri bir araya getirmek amac\u0131yla Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Parisienne des \u00c9tudes Spirites'i (SPES) kurdu. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fct, spirit\u00fcalist hareketin Fransa'da ve Brezilya gibi di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde geni\u015flemesine katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Revue Spirite: Journal d'\u00e9tudes psychologiques<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Spes'teki eserlerin ve i\u015flerin yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131na ek olarak Kardec, yeni doktrini yaymak ve yeni spiritist toplumlar\u0131n yarat\u0131lma s\u00fcrecine rehberlik etmek i\u00e7in Fransa'n\u0131n i\u00e7 kesimlerinde bir dizi gezi yapt\u0131. binden fazla merkeze sahip spirit\u00fcalistlerle kapsaml\u0131 bir yaz\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki maneviyat\u00e7\u0131lar, 268 \u015fehirde, en az 37 \u00fclkede, Avrupa'da ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunuyor. Bu muhabirlerle yap\u0131lan bu yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fma, Maneviyat\u0131n geli\u015fmesi ve peki\u015ftirilmesi s\u00fcrecine olumlu katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa'da giderek artan say\u0131da taraftar olarak, bas\u0131nda ve dini \u00e7evrelerde, entelekt\u00fcellerde ve bilim adamlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u00e7e\u015fitleniyoraban. Sadece Fransa'da de\u011fil, Avrupa'n\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri'nde de fenomen spirit\u00fcalistler, bilim adamlar\u0131 ve entelekt\u00fceller ad\u0131na s\u00fcrekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n nesnesiydi: fenomenlerin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini, di\u011fer yasal olmayanlar\u0131 sahtekarl\u0131k olarak kabul etme hakk\u0131nda kahramanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc veya istemsiz olmas\u0131, zihinsel bir neden bozukluklar, su\u00e7lar ve intiharlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kilise i\u00e7in, fenomenler maneviyat\u00e7\u0131lar, hileli olduklar\u0131nda, \u015feytanlardan kaynaklan\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve bu nedenle ciddi \u015fekilde sava\u015f\u0131lmalar\u0131 gerekiyordu. Gazetelerdeki makaleler gibi vaazlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 da \u00e7arp\u0131l\u0131r. 1861'de \u0130spanya'n\u0131n halka a\u00e7\u0131k bir meydan\u0131nda, Barselona'n\u0131n Auto de Fe'si olarak bilinen bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz eser spirit\u00fcalist ele ge\u00e7irildi ve yak\u0131ld\u0131. Buna ek olarak, Katolik Kilisesi Endekse dahil edildi, 1864'ten itibaren birka\u00e7 eser maneviyat\u00e7\u0131lar. Laik bas\u0131n ayr\u0131ca pikaplar olgusuyla ilgili s\u0131k s\u0131k anekdotlar ve karikat\u00fcrler yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maneviyat kesinlikle t\u0131p s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n endi\u015feleri listesine girdi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun medyumluk uygulamalar\u0131 ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla su\u00e7 ve intihara yol a\u00e7an delili\u011fi tetikleyebilece\u011fini ve\/veya \u015fiddetlendirebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Morel'in yozla\u015fmas\u0131 teorisine g\u00f6re, o zamanlar \u00e7ok moda olan, gelecek nesillere daha yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde aktaracak olan delilik i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir endi\u015fesi vard\u0131. Bu, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\/\u015farlatanl\u0131k ve mistisizm iddialar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilidir. Allan Kardec, Maneviyat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n zararl\u0131 do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek ve maneviyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fatan doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k iddialar\u0131\/\u015farlatanl\u0131k ve mistisizmle m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in bu farkl\u0131 kesimlerle yo\u011fun bir tart\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kardec iki \u015farlatanl\u0131k senaryosunun analizini yapt\u0131: el \u00e7abuklu\u011funun p\u00fcf noktalar\u0131 ve kaslar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131lmas\u0131. \u0130lki, sihir numaralar\u0131 kullanarak oyuna adanm\u0131\u015f \u015fovlarla peki\u015ftirildi ve seanslar\u0131n \u015farlatanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n meyvesi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Fransa ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri'ndeki akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan savunulan ikincisi, smoothies medi\u00famnicos'un fizyolojik nedenlerini, kemiklerin, eklemlerin ve kaslar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kardec, iddia edilen medyumluk tezah\u00fcrlerinin \u00e7o\u011funun sahtekarl\u0131ktan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti, ancak t\u00fcm medyumluk tezah\u00fcrlerinin bu uygulaman\u0131n sonucu oldu\u011fu konusunda hemfikir de\u011fildi. Bu sonuca aceleyle gelenleri ele\u015ftirmek, a\u00e7\u0131klama bulamamak olguya daha uygundur. Onun i\u00e7in, oturumlar i\u00e7in \u00fccretlendirilen ortamlar aras\u0131nda sahtekarl\u0131k olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha y\u00fcksekti, \u00f6zellikle de her hevesinize g\u00f6re tezah\u00fcr ortamlar\u0131 \u00fcretebildiklerini s\u00f6ylediklerinde, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tezah\u00fcr, ruh ileti\u015fimcisinin iradesine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada, halka a\u00e7\u0131k toplant\u0131larda ve ailede binlerce ortam\u0131n sahtekarl\u0131kla i\u015flendi\u011fine inanmak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir neden bulamad\u0131. Olaylar\u0131n sim\u00fclasyonu medi\u00famnicos \u00f6ncedigitat\u00f6rler taraf\u0131nda, t\u00fcm fenomenlerin sahte oldu\u011funun yeterince kan\u0131t\u0131 olmazd\u0131. Onun i\u00e7in Maneviyat\u0131n katk\u0131da bulunacak \u00e7ok \u015feyi olurdu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc doktrinin derinlemesine incelenmesi okuyucuya hileli bir medyumun me\u015fru bir tezah\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ay\u0131rt etmek i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kardec, nesnelerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, etkilerini ve sorulara verilen yan\u0131tlar\u0131 banal hale getiren tezah\u00fcrlerin, i\u00e7eri\u011fin b\u00fcy\u00fck derinlikte, felsefi, bilimsel veya ahlaki oldu\u011fu ak\u0131ll\u0131 ileti\u015fim olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u015farlatanl\u0131\u011fa daha yatk\u0131n oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. Tablolar\u0131n hareketlerinin bilinen veya bilinmeyen bir fiziksel kuvvetin etkisiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilece\u011fi hipotezi de g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemi\u015ftir. Michael Faraday ve Fran\u00e7ois Arago gibi fiziksel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli deneyler, d\u00f6ner tabla oturumlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi ve masan\u0131n hareketlerinin, masan\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n ellerinden zar zor fark edilen kas hareketlerinden t\u00fcretildi\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiziksel g\u00fc\u00e7lerin fenomenlerin nedenleri aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu fikri, Kardec taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan ilk hipotezlerden biriydi. Bununla birlikte, onun i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir olas\u0131l\u0131k, pikaplar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in tutarl\u0131yd\u0131, ancak sinyal zekas\u0131na yan\u0131t veren sars\u0131nt\u0131lar gibi fenomenlere cevap vermek i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildi. Kardec ayr\u0131ca, bir faaliyet ortam\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131l inan\u00e7, inan\u00e7tan kaynaklanabilece\u011fini ve ama\u00e7lanan bir ortam\u0131n asl\u0131nda zihinsel bozukluklar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olabilece\u011fini itiraf etti. Bununla birlikte, bir fenomen oldu\u011funu belirtti.orta aktivite ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011finde ve birbirleri taraf\u0131ndan bilinmedi\u011finde bir yan\u0131lsama veya hal\u00fcsinasyonun sonucu olamazd\u0131. Ek olarak, hal\u00fcsinasyon, medyumca bilinmeyen ve daha sonra onaylanan bilgileri sa\u011flayan kutsal kitap medi\u00famnica'n\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi, fenomene ak\u0131ll\u0131 cevaplar vermeyecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Allan Kardec, delilik konusunu ve onun Maneviyatla ili\u015fkilerini defalarca ele ald\u0131. Delili\u011fin biyolojik temelini ve hastan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ortam\u0131n\u0131n psikopatoloji i\u00e7eri\u011findeki etkisini vurgulad\u0131, ancak ba\u015fka bir kaynak ekledi:tak\u0131nt\u0131lar, yani "k\u00f6t\u00fc bir ruhun bir bireye uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eylem \u0131srarc\u0131". Kardec, duyusal alg\u0131daki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapt\u0131 ve hipotez olarak \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr \u00f6nerdi: hal\u00fcsinasyon, hayal g\u00fcc\u00fc ve ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmler veya vizyonlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kardec, Spirit\u00fcalizmin patojenik bir rol\u00fcn\u00fc reddetmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, spirite bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n stresli ya\u015fam olaylar\u0131n\u0131n amortis\u00f6r\u00fc olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rerek ya\u015fam\u0131n zorluklar\u0131yla y\u00fczle\u015fmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011funu savundu. Ya\u015fam\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6steren, insan\u0131 giderek daha fazla \u00fcstesinden gelmeye motive eden Maneviyat, v\u00fccutta \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmesine ra\u011fmen ya\u015famdan i\u011frenme ve melankoliden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Maneviyat, alkol\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in delilik vakalar\u0131n\u0131 da azaltacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sources: INTERA\u00c7\u00d5ES, Belo Horizonte, Brazil<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Historia del espiritismo en francia El Espiritismo surgi\u00f3 a partir de los trabajos de un franc\u00e9s, Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail (1804-1869), quien fue uno de los primeros investigadores en adoptar y adaptar m\u00e9todos utilizados en el \u00e1mbito cient\u00edfico para investigar el fen\u00f3meno medi\u00famnico y construir un cuerpo te\u00f3rico de car\u00e1cter filos\u00f3fico-cient\u00edfico. Con una formaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4916,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4914","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nHistoria del espiritismo en Francia - Uni\u00f3n Esp\u00edrita<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/historia-del-espiritismo-en-francia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Historia del espiritismo en Francia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Historia del espiritismo en francia El Espiritismo surgi\u00f3 a partir de los trabajos de un franc\u00e9s, Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail (1804-1869), quien fue uno de los primeros investigadores en adoptar y adaptar m\u00e9todos utilizados en el \u00e1mbito cient\u00edfico para investigar el fen\u00f3meno medi\u00famnico y construir un cuerpo te\u00f3rico de car\u00e1cter filos\u00f3fico-cient\u00edfico. 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Con una formaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica…","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4914","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4914"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4914\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5238,"href":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4914\/revisions\/5238"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4916"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}