{"id":5495,"date":"2024-10-10T13:10:07","date_gmt":"2024-10-10T13:10:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/?page_id=5495"},"modified":"2024-10-10T13:24:32","modified_gmt":"2024-10-10T13:24:32","slug":"historia-del-espiritismo-en-paises-bajos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/en\/historia-del-espiritismo-en-paises-bajos\/","title":{"rendered":"History of spiritism in The Netherlands"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-fcfc2b4d alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-94a2e4009341b18aac5d093538c2e7a1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>History of spiritism in The Netherlands<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-5a5c77ad alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c4365b73 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/1872128027abbd5a31d18af5ea4812f7b19acdd9.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5497\" style=\"width:84px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/1872128027abbd5a31d18af5ea4812f7b19acdd9.jpg 800w, https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/1872128027abbd5a31d18af5ea4812f7b19acdd9-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/1872128027abbd5a31d18af5ea4812f7b19acdd9-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/1872128027abbd5a31d18af5ea4812f7b19acdd9-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-26c162e1 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-5d34404d alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8603fb6c2356d53ecb379cfb128836c1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The crazy scientist?<\/strong> <strong>\u2013 The interest of Frederik van Eeden (1860-1932) in spiritism and psychical research<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-0b82d0d9\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"868\" src=\"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Frederik_van_Eeden_foto_1895.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5500\" style=\"width:245px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Frederik_van_Eeden_foto_1895.png 582w, https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Frederik_van_Eeden_foto_1895-201x300.png 201w, https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Frederik_van_Eeden_foto_1895-8x12.png 8w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Frederik van Eeden<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-75b104b130a098e996a1148febed19ef wp-block-paragraph\">Frederik van Eeden (1860-1932) does not immediately conjure up the image of an outsider. As a writer, he was one of the famous Tachtigern, he was one of the founders of the Nieuwe Gids and his books such as De kleine Johannes (1884) and Van de koele meeren des doods (1900) are still of great interest today. But he was also a physician and psychiatrist. While working on his thesis in Paris, he came into contact with Georges Debove, an internist who experimented with hypnosis. This impressed Van Eeden more than the feeding of delirium tremens, which was to be the subject of his thesis. The remarkable hypnotic phenomena led him into the realm of what is often considered a somewhat darker side of his intellectual activities: his interest in spiritism and the resulting investigations labelled \u2018psychical research\u2019 or parapsychology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-453fe2f35509a5ad4176d0a985f1f16d wp-block-paragraph\">Van Eeden can be considered the most important Dutch pioneer of parapsychology. He was one of the first Dutch intellectuals to become actively involved in the investigation of spiritism phenomena such as spirit perception and mind reading. Van Eeden's interest in these phenomena caused many problems for his biographer Jan Fontijn. Although he was still willing to forgive Van Eeden his critical interest in spiritism in the early period of his life, he was disappointed by the uncritical attitude of Van Eeden's son after his death in 1913.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-6516b40b4bf4eb743b95a1d86ad2c45b wp-block-paragraph\">Van Eeden's interest in the supernatural can be well understood in a broader cultural context and in the light of his philosophical views on science.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8be3c201b45906a4e463688d9d42fe79 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Multifaceted representative of the fin de si\u00e8cle (end of the century)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-2c1ad38562605533944157a1309c69bd wp-block-paragraph\">His interest in spiritism and \u2018supernatural\u2019 research was only one of Van Eeden's many interests. He was not only a famous writer, but also a pioneer in the field of psychotherapy when he opened a practice for hypnosis treatments together with the general practitioner Albert Willem van Renterghem in 1887. Van Eeden left the practice in 1893 and thereafter devoted himself increasingly to philosophical and socio-critical projects, such as the founding of the utopian farming community Walden. Later, Van Eeden was one of the first in the Netherlands to actively engage in psychoanalysis. Frederik van Eeden's ideas and efforts were not without controversy even in his own time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-7c8aecfd6c2b9065eda44abb53d0d3cd wp-block-paragraph\">His literary work was much criticised, especially by Albert Verwey, his somewhat mundane Walden colony was frowned upon by outsiders, and his philosophical ideas about the human mind were not always taken seriously. However, thanks to his numerous essays and lectures and his ability to bring people together, Van Eeden became part of the intellectual elite in the Netherlands and beyond. In 1912 he founded the Forte Circle in Berlin, a society with the aim of forming a \"World Council of the Wise\", whose members included the philosopher Erich Gutkind, the businessman Walther Rathenau and the writer Henri Borel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-b4d14a5650fe1aaf0a0957f88b6acc4c wp-block-paragraph\">His circle of signifiers, founded in 1918, included leading Dutch scientists such as the mathematician Bertus Brouwer and the linguist Jacobus van Ginneken. Because of his eclecticism, historians consider Van Eeden alone to personify the entire Dutch fin de si\u00e8cle. Whether it was the vegetarianism or antivivisectionism that emerged during this period, the relationship between theosophy and art in the late 19th and early 20th century or the interaction between literature and science, Frederik van Eeden was involved. His biographer Fontijn describes van Eeden as the prototype of the fin-de-si\u00e8cle man, and rightly so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69f3e22688e0c3f101f8689318721552 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Frederik van Eeden as a spiritist<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-e126c86fc59d5d9e12c63253d2afc9c2 wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike his activities for Walden or the practice of hypnosis with Van Renterghem, Van Eeden was not so much concerned with spiritism and \u2018psychical\u2019 research in a practical or institutional sense. Although he was repeatedly asked to direct research on spiritism in the Netherlands, Van Eeden did not consider it necessary. He was mainly interested in the theoretical and philosophical implications of spiritism phenomena. Van Eeden gave several lectures and wrote several essays on the usefulness and importance of spiritism and \u2018psychical\u2019 research. When working with his patients, he recorded the paranormal phenomena they talked about and conducted experiments on them. He also investigated internationally known mediums.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-5c06f1a4655079402f6f15eed732324b wp-block-paragraph\">In January 1890, Van Eeden and Van Renterghem held a spiritism s\u00e9ance with the medium Anna Eva Fay in their practice. This spiritism s\u00e9ance can be considered the first Dutch parapsychological research. He investigated whether Miss Fay was really able to move objects with her spirit at a distance. This experiment was an exact replica of the remarkably successful research carried out by the well-known British physicist William Crookes in 1875, but the 1890 experiment was not a success. The report of Charles van Deventer - then assistant to the famous chemist Jacobus Henricus van \u2018t Hoff - concluded: \u2019The repetition of such a spiritism s\u00e9ance is not to be recommended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-01214f61c87ea601687a8f274b1bdec2 wp-block-paragraph\">In 1901, Van Eeden travelled to Britain to investigate the performances of the medium Thompson. In his successful spiritism s\u00e9ances with Thompson, Van Eeden agreed with her that they would meet in dreams after his return to the Netherlands. Van Eeden was very interested in dreams from a very young age. He kept diaries of his dreams and was determined to publish a comprehensive study of them. His interest in spiritism and \u2018supernatural\u2019 research is also reflected in his literary work, for example in Lied van schijn en wezen (1895), but also in De nachtbruid (1909). From 1915 to 1922, Van Eeden belonged to various spiritism circles in the Netherlands, which made communication with Fontijn particularly difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-3f62431a21a493489fce123b1666ec9b wp-block-paragraph\">In view of his prominent position in fin de si\u00e8cle historiography and the continuing literary appreciation of his novels, it is difficult at first glance to recognise Frederik van Eeden as a \u2018black sheep\u2019. However, he devoted himself to spiritism and \u2018psychical\u2019 research, which later historians long regarded as aberrant. Fontijn believes that Van Eeden lost himself completely in absurd spiritism practices from 1913 onwards, which was a harbinger of a general spiritual decline. However, from the moment Van Eeden took his doctorate, he became interested in the supernatural. Therefore, a possible insanity in his later life is not enough to understand his devotion to spiritism practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-a1324aca4550ff6c5cef392a66caf603 wp-block-paragraph\">There is no doubt that the death of his son further attracted Van Eeden to spiritism, but this only added a subjective dimension to what he was already rationally and scientifically convinced of: the fact that \u2018everything\u2019 is ultimately \u2018spirit\u2019. Van Eeden thus took a stand against materialistic science and the fearful image of a cold and disenchanted world that went with it. Van Eeden was not alone in this endeavour, at least internationally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-0cf48a70d8303b3034700012f34142ba wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, (natural) science was achieving great successes, but at the same time, in the eyes of many, it seemed to be moving further and further away from the essence, the secret of life itself. This is where Van Eeden and his colleagues saw a task for the science of the soul, psychology. Such a science would ultimately prove the superiority and immortality of the spirit and thus even contribute to a better world. Research into supernatural phenomena had to be taken seriously. Van Eeden's interest in spiritism and \u2018psychical\u2019 research in the late 19th and early 20th century shows that ideas about what can or should be studied scientifically changed over time. Van Eeden's interest in psychology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries demonstrates that ideas about what can or should be studied scientifically changed over time.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c1c28f3c alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-cad26cf2 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\"><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Historia del Espiritismo en Pa\u00edses Bajos \u00bfEl cient\u00edfico loco? &#8211; El inter\u00e9s de Frederik van Eeden (1860-1932) por el espiritismo y la investigaci\u00f3n ps\u00edquica Frederik van Eeden (1860-1932) no evoca inmediatamente la imagen de un extra\u00f1o. Como escritor, fue uno de los famosos Tachtigern, fue uno de los fundadores de la Nieuwe Gids y sus [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5495","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.2 (Yoast SEO v24.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Historia del Espiritismo en Pa\u00edses Bajos - Uni\u00f3n Esp\u00edrita<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nuevo-renacer.com\/en\/historia-del-espiritismo-en-paises-bajos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Historia del Espiritismo en Pa\u00edses Bajos\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Historia del Espiritismo en Pa\u00edses Bajos \u00bfEl cient\u00edfico loco? &#8211; El inter\u00e9s de Frederik van Eeden (1860-1932) por el espiritismo y la investigaci\u00f3n ps\u00edquica Frederik van Eeden (1860-1932) no evoca inmediatamente la imagen de un extra\u00f1o. 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